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1.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 34(4): 393-396, ago. 2017. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-899731

ABSTRACT

Resumen La tuberculosis (TBC) gastrointestinal es una complicación infrecuente y fatal en pacientes con infección por VIH. Se presenta en 3-16% de las formas extrapulmonares y su principal localización es la válvula ileocecal y colon. La hemorragia digestiva baja con presencia de una o múltiples úlceras en colon es una presentación muy inusual de TBC intestinal. El diagnóstico se confirma por biopsia y cultivo del tejido intestinal. La cirugía en caso de perforación intestinal sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con infección por VIH, sin tratamiento anti-retroviral, quien desarrolló una TBC diseminada con perforación intestinal y hemorragia digestiva masiva de curso fatal.


Gastrointestinal tuberculosis is a rare and fatal complication in patients with HIV infection. It occurs in 3%-16% of extra pulmonary forms. The main location in 90% of cases is the ileocecal valve and colon. The most unusual presentation of gastrointestinal tuberculosis is massive bleeding with the presence of one or multiple ulcers in the colon. The diagnosis can be confirmed by biopsy and by culture of intestinal tissue. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice. We report a case of a HIV-infected patient, who did not receive antiretrovirals, and who developed disseminated tuberculosis with intestinal perforation, presenting a fatal massive intestinal bleeding.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/complications , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology
2.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 31(4): 676-682, oct.-dic. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS, INS-PERU | ID: lil-733248

ABSTRACT

Objetivos. Determinar los perfiles de resistencia de las quinolonas; ciprofloxacina (Cpx), ofloxacina (Ofx), gatifloxacina (Gfx) y moxifloxacina (Mfx), y de los inyectables; kanamicina (Km), amikacina (Am) y capreomicina (Cm) en cepas multidrogorresistente (MDR). Se buscó la presencia de mutaciones en los genes rrs,tlyA y gyrA/B, y su posible asociación con la resistencia a inyectables y quinolonas. Materiales y métodos. En este estudio piloto descriptivo se seleccionaron cepas MDR aisladas durante junio a diciembre de 2004, que fueron criopreservadas en el banco de muestras del Instituto de Medicina Tropical ôAlexander von Humboldtõ en Lima, Perú. Se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) para Cpx, Ofx, Gfx, Mfx, Km, Am y Cm. Se investigó las mutaciones presentes en los genes rrs, tlyA y gyrA/B a través de un PCR convencional y posterior secuenciamiento de los productos obtenidos. Resultados. Cuatro de los once aislados presentaron resistencia contra los inyectables y en todas se observó una alta CMI; >120 ug/mL para Km y >160 ug/mL para Am y Cm. Solo dos aislados presentaron resistencia a Ofx con un CMI = 4 ug/mL. Los resultados de secuenciamiento sugirieron que la mutación A1401T en rrs podría ser la causa molecular de resistencia a los inyectables; mientras que en este estudio no se halló ninguna mutación en tlyA ni en gyrA/B asociada a resistencia. Conclusiones. Este estudio sugiere una posible asociación entre la mutación en A1401G y la resistencia a los antibióticos inyectables.


Objectives. To determine the drug resistance profiles for quinolones: ciprofloxacin (CFX), ofloxacin (OFX), moxifloxacin (MFX), and gatifloxacin (GFX); and for injectables: kanamycin (KAN), amikacin (AMK), and capreomycin (CAP) in multidrug resistant (MDR) strains. We also investigated the correlation between mutations in rrs, tlyA and gyrA/B genes, and the in vitro resistance to the second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Materials and methods. In this pilot study we selected MDR clinical isolates collected from June-December 2004 in the Tropical Medicine Institute ôAlexander von Humboldtõ (Lima, Peru). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of CFX, OFX, MFX, GFX, KAN, AMK and CAP for 14 clinical isolates were determined and the sequences of rrs, tlyA and gyrA/B genes were analyzed by conventional PCR followed by sequencing. Results. We obtained valid results for 11 samples. Four isolates were resistant to injectable drugs, and in all the cases the MICs were; >120 ug/mL for KAN and >160 ug/mL for AMK and CAP. Only 2 isolates were resistant to OFX with MIC = 4 ug/mL. Sequencing results suggested that the mutation A1401T in rrs gene could be the molecular cause of the resistance to injectable drugs. In this study we did not find any mutation in tlyA and gyrA/B associated to resistance. Conclusions. Our study suggests a possible association between the mutation A1401T in rrs and resistance to injectable drugs. However further studies should be done to confirm this hypothesis in Peru.


Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Microbial , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Peru
3.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 30(2): 197-204, abr.-jun. 2013. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-680982

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Elaborar esquemas de tratamiento para tuberculosis de acuerdo con sus perfiles de susceptibilidad a isoniacida (H) y rifampicina (R). Materiales y métodos. Un total de 12 311 aislamientos de M. tuberculosis (Instituto Nacional de Salud, 2007-2009) se clasificaron en cuatro grupos de acuerdo con su susceptibilidad a H y R. En cada grupo se analizó la sensibilidad a etambutol (E), pirazinamida (Z), estreptomicina (S), kanamicina (Km), capreomicina (Cm), ciprofloxacina (Cfx), etionamida (Eto), cicloserina (Cs) y ácido p-amino salicílico (PAS). En base a los perfiles de resistencia, principios de terapéutica de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y costos en el país, se elaboraron los esquemas más adecuados para cada grupo. Se definió la eficacia potencial (EP) como la proporción de cepas sensibles a tres o cuatro drogas del esquema evaluado. Resultados. Los esquemas con el menor costo y la mayor EP a tres y cuatro drogas para tuberculosis sensible a H y R fueron: HRZ (EP=99,5%), HREZ (EP=99,1%); REZCfx (EP=98,9%) y para tuberculosis resistente a H: REZCfxKm (EP=97,7%). Para tuberculosis resistente a R: HEZCfx (EP=96,8%) y HEZCfxKm (EP=95,4%); el esquema con mejor eficacia potencial para tuberculosis multidrogorresistente fue EZCfxKmEtoCs (EP=82,9%). Conclusión. Basados en la resistencia a H y R se han elaborado y seleccionado esquemas de tratamiento con la más alta probabilidad de eficacia. Esta propuesta es una alternativa viable para hacer frente a la tuberculosis en Perú donde el acceso a pruebas de sensibilidad rápida a H y R se viene expandiendo.


Objective: To elaborate optimal anti-tuberculosis regimens following drug susceptibility testing (DST) to isoniazid (H) and rifampicin (R). Design: 12 311 M. tuberculosis strains (National Health Institute of Peru 2007-2009) were classified in four groups according H and R resistance. In each group the sensitivity to ethambutol (E), pirazinamide (Z), streptomycin (S), kanamycin (Km), capreomycin (Cm), ciprofloxacin (Cfx), ethionamide (Eto), cicloserine (Cs) and p-amino salicilic acid (PAS) was determined. Based on resistance profiles, domestic costs, and following WHO guidelines, we elaborated and selected optimal putative regimens for each group. The potential efficacy (PE) variable was defined as the proportion of strains sensitive to at least three or four drugs for each regimen evaluated. Results: Selected regimes with the lowest cost, and highest PE of containing 3 and 4 effective drugs for TB sensitive to H and R were: HRZ (99,5%) and HREZ (99,1%), respectively; RZECfx (PE=98,9%) and RZECfxKm (PE=97,7%) for TB resistant to H; HZECfx (96,8%) and HZECfxKm (95,4%) for TB resistant to R; and EZCfxKmEtoCs (82.9%) for MDR-TB. Conclusion: Based on resistance to H and R it was possible to select anti-tuberculosis regimens with high probability of success. This proposal is a feasible alternative to tackle tuberculosis in Peru where the access to rapid DST to H and R is improving progressively.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Isoniazid/pharmacology , Isoniazid/therapeutic use , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Rifampin/pharmacology , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Clinical Protocols , Cross-Sectional Studies , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
4.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 29(2): 255-258, abr.-jun. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-644011

ABSTRACT

Se reporta el caso de una paciente de 48 años de edad con diagnóstico reciente de enfermedad de Graves, quien acudió a emergencia por presentar fiebre, palpitaciones y dolor faríngeo. Su tratamiento regular incluía metimazol. Al ingreso, los análisis mostraron TSH suprimido, T4 libre elevado y neutropenia. La paciente fue hospitalizada, se administraron antibióticos y factor estimulante de colonia. Después de diez días de tratamiento, la paciente presentó leucocitosis, fiebre y hemoptisis. La tomografía de tórax mostró una cavidad con múltiples nódulos en el lóbulo superior derecho. Los cultivos fueron positivos a Aspergillus fumigatus y Aspergillus flavus. Se inició tratamiento con anfotericina B y luego se cambió a voriconazol, a pesar de lo cual no hubo mejoría del cuadro. La paciente falleció por falla multiorgánica.


A 48-year old woman with a recent diagnosis of Graves’ disease arrived at the emergency room with fever, palpitations, and a sore throat. Her regular treatment included methimazole. On admission, laboratory results showed suppressed TSH, elevated free thyroxine, and neutropenia. She was admitted and started on antibiotics and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (gm-csf). After ten days, the patient developed leukocytosis, fever, and hemoptysis. Chest CT scan showed a lung cavity with multiple nodules in the upper right lobe. Cultures from a lung biopsy were positive for Aspergillus Fumigatus and Aspergillus Flavus. Amphotericin B was started but then switched to voriconazole, with both treatments failing to result in clinical improvement. The patient died of multi-organ failure.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Antithyroid Agents/adverse effects , Methimazole/adverse effects , Neutropenia/chemically induced , Neutropenia/complications , Pulmonary Aspergillosis/etiology
5.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 14(supl.2): S87-S96, Dec. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-569185

ABSTRACT

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones belonging to the Brazilian, Pediatric, Cordobes/Chilean and New York/Japan clonal complexes are widely distributed across Latin America, although their individual distribution patterns and resistance to antimicrobial drugs are constantly changing. Furthermore, clones with increased virulence are beginning to appear more frequently both in hospital and community settings, and there is evidence that virulence factors can be transferred between hospital- and community-associated clones through recombination. These changing patterns have significant implications for clinical practice in the region. Most importantly, clinicians need to be aware of the changing antimicrobial resistance profile of circulating MRSA clones in their region in order to choose the most appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy. Thus, regional molecular epidemiology programs are required across the region to provide accurate identification and characterization of circulating MRSA clones.


Subject(s)
Humans , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Evolution, Molecular , Latin America/epidemiology , Molecular Typing , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Virulence
7.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 24(4): 350-355, oct.-dic. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-559305

ABSTRACT

Objetivos. Determinar las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de la gastroenteritis causada por Vibrio parahaemolyticus del grupo pandémico en el Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se examinó las historias clínicas y registros de laboratorio de cien casos de gastroenteritis en los cuales se aisló V. parahaemolyticus del grupo pandémico y no pandémico. Se recolectó información epidemiológica y clínica y se realizó el análisis estadístico de los datos para evaluar si la gravedad de la enfermedad se asoció con la presencia de las cepas del grupo pandémico. Resultados. Se logró colectar información epidemiológica en 85 por ciento de los casos e información clínica sólo en 37 por ciento de los casos, principalmente de los hospitalizados. Los casos del grupo pandémico tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de tener deposiciones líquidas (96,3 por ciento frente a 62,5 por ciento, p<0,05), presentar deshidratación moderada o grave (100 por ciento frente a 60 por ciento, p<0,05) y requerir atención hospitalaria (98 por ciento frente a 42,9 por ciento, p<0,0001). Fue más probable aislar una cepa pandémica en personas de 30 o más años de edad (63 por ciento frente a 39,5 por ciento, p<0,05). Conclusiones. El Vibrio parahaemolyticus del grupo pandémico causa enfermedad gastrointestinal de mayor gravedad que las cepas no pandémicas, con mayor probabilidad de requerir atención hospitalaria. Basados en este reporte, se recomienda incluir la identificación de V. parahaemolyticus en el diagnóstico etiológico de agentes causantes de gastroenteritis grave en el sistema de salud del Perú.


Objective. To determine the epidemiological and clinic characteristics of gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains of the pandemic group in Peru. Material and methods. Clinical and laboratory records were searched in 100cases of gastroenteritis caused by V parahaemolyticus, either of the pandemic or non pandemic group. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected and statistical analysis was done to evaluate if the severity of illness was associated with the pandemic group. Results. Epidemiological data were collected in 85 per cent of cases, and clinical data were only available in 37 per cent of cases, mainly on those hospitalized. Cases associated with the pandemic strains had a higher probability of liquid stools (96.3 per cent vs. 62.5 per cent, p<0.05), moderate or severe dehydration (100 per cent vs. 60 per cent, p<0.05), and hospital care (98 per cent vs. 42.9 per cent, p<0.0001). Cases aged thirty or older were associated with the pandemic strains (63 per cent vs. 39.5 per cent, p<0.05). Conclusions. Vibrio parahaemolyticus of the pandemic group causes more severe gastrointestinal disease than none pandemic strains, with higher probability of requiring hospital care. Based on this report, it is advisable to include the identification of V. parahaemolyticus in the etiological diagnosis of agents causing severe gastroenteritis in the Peruvian health system.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Disease Outbreaks , Diarrhea , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Gastroenteritis/therapy , Vibrio parahaemolyticus
8.
J Health Popul Nutr ; 2004 Dec; 22(4): 399-403
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-740

ABSTRACT

The effects of environmental temperature, presence and severity of El Niño, presence of cholera in the community, and interactions among these variables on the number of adult diarrhoeal patients attending the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru, during 1991-1998, were evaluated. During 1991-1996, an increased number of visits to the hospital due to acute diarrhoea in the warmer months was observed. This periodic pattern was altered in 1997, when rising of the environmental temperature was observed in Lima secondarily associated with a strong El Niño event. A multivariate model was built in which environmental temperature and interaction between environmental temperature and presence of cholera predicted the number of adult patients with acute diarrhoea attending the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. Monitoring of environmental temperature and presence of cholera may be used as a warning system to predict epidemics of diarrhoea in adults, which may have a tremendous impact on healthcare strategies and management of health services in general.


Subject(s)
Acute Disease , Adult , Cholera/epidemiology , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Peru/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Temperature
9.
In. Cimerman, Sérgio; Cimerman, Benjamin. Medicina tropical. São Paulo, Atheneu, 2003. p.255-261, tab, graf.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-344606
10.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 6(5): 206-218, Oct. 2002. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-337110

ABSTRACT

The safety and efficacy of cefepime empiric monotherapy compared with standard broad-spectrum combination therapy for hospitalized adult patients with moderate to severe community-acquired bacterial infections were evaluated. In an open-label, multicenter study, 317 patients with an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score ranging from >5 to =19 were enrolled with documented pneumonia (n=196), urinary tract infection (n=65), intra-abdominal infection (n=38), or sepsis (n=18). Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive cefepime 1 to 2 g IV twice daily or three times a day or IV ampicillin, cephalothin, or ceftriaxone ± aminoglycoside therapy for 3 to 21 days. For both treatment groups, metronidazole, vancomycin, or macrolide therapy was added as deemed necessary. The primary efficacy variable was clinical response at the end of therapy. Two hundred ninety-six (93 percent) patients met evaluation criteria and were included in the efficacy analysis. Diagnoses included the following: 180 pneumonias (90 cefepime, 90 comparator), 62 urinary tract infections (29 cefepime, 33 comparator), 37 intra-abdominal infections (19 cefepime, 18 comparator), and 17 sepses (8 cefepime, 9 comparator). At the end of therapy, overall clinical success rates were 131/146 (90 percent) for patients treated with cefepime vs 125/150 (83 percent) for those treated with comparator (95 percent confidence interval [CI]: - 2.6 percent to 16.3 percent). The clinical success rate for patients with community-acquired pneumonia, the most frequent infection, was 86 percent for both treatment groups. Among the patients clinically evaluated, 162 pathogens were isolated and identified before therapy. The most commonly isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (n=49), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=29), Haemophilus influenzae (n=14), and Staphylococcus aureus (n=11). Bacteriologic eradication/presumed eradication was 97 percent for cefepime vs 94 percent for comparator-treated patients. Drug-related adverse events were reported in 16 percent of cefepime patients and 19 percent of comparator patients. In conclusion, cefepime had higher cure rates compared with broad-spectrum combination therapy as an initial empiric treatment for hospitalized patients with moderate to severe community-acquired infections, including urinary tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, and sepsis


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Abdominal Abscess , Cephalosporins/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination , Peritonitis , Pneumonia, Bacterial , Sepsis , Urinary Tract Infections , Aged, 80 and over , Argentina , Brazil , Community-Acquired Infections , Cephalosporins/adverse effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria , Gram-Positive Bacteria , Mexico , Peru , Prospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment Outcome
11.
Actual. infectología (Caracas) ; 16(1): 2-18, ene.-abr. 2000. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-269720

ABSTRACT

Se presenta un estudio prospectivo de corte transversal, de vigilancia epidemiológica, para determinar la sensibilidad bacteriana, por Servicio Hospitalario, a cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación (ceftriaxona, cefotaxina, ceftazidima, cefoperazona y cefepime) mediante la prueba de disco de Kirby Bauer. Se incluyeron muestras bacteriológicas de 13 centros: 10 de Lima, dos de Arequipa y uno de Chiclayo. La sensibilidad más alta de Staphylococcus aureus se encontró en los servicios ambulatorios (Consulta Externa y Urgencia), situación que disminuyó casi a la mitad en los servicios de hospitalización (Medicina Interna, Cirugía y Cuidados Críticos). La sensibilidad de E.coli no mostró variación entre los servicios, a excepción de ser de menor grado en la Unidad de Cuidados Críticos. Las cepas de klebsiella pneumoniae y Enterobacter aerogenes aisladas en Consulta Externa, mostraron ser más sensibles que las procedentes de áreas de hospitalización, sobre todo Medicina Interna y Cirugía. La sensibilidad de Pseudomonas aeruginosa fue más alta en las muestras obtenidas en los servicios ambulatorios. Klebsiella, Enterobacter y Pseudomonas fueron más sensibles a cefepime que a ceftazidima. Se concluye que, según el Servicio de referencia de la muestra, hay variación en la sensibilidad bacteriana a cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Cephalosporins/pharmacology , Cephalosporins/therapeutic use , Hospital Departments , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
12.
Rev. méd. hered ; 2(3): 117-20, sept. 1991. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-176268

ABSTRACT

Entre marzo y mayo de 1991, fueron evaluados clínicamente los familiares de 102 individuos con diarrea y aislamiento de Vibrio cholerae 01 en las heces, que fueron los primeros en presentar la enfermedad en el seno familiar, con la finalidad de evaluar las características epidemiológicas del cólera dentro de las familias. El 54 por ciento (55/102) de las familias presentaron casos secundarios (familiares con diarrea acuosa severa y shock o con diarrea como "agua de lavado de arroz") siendo éstos 91, de un total de 543 familiares expuestos (16.8 por cineto). El 70 por ciento de los casos secundarios fueron menores de 30 años, el 87 por ciento adquirieron la enfermedad en los primeros 7 días después de los índices y el 48 por ciento fueron hospitalizados. Se reconoció como factores de riesgo para adquirir el cólera dentro de la familia, cuando se carecía de condiciones higiénicas apropiadas (21.4 por ciento vs 13.1 por ciento, p<0.025), el tener casos índices varones (19.6 por ciento vs 12.1 por ciento, p<0.025) y el ser mujer entre los 15 y 29 años de edad (20.8 por ciento vs 10.3 por ciento p<0.05)


Subject(s)
Humans , Cholera/economics , Cholera/epidemiology , Cholera/prevention & control , Cholera/therapy , Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control , Disease Transmission, Infectious/statistics & numerical data
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